ABSTRACT
This article provides a brief overview of DNA vaccines. First, the basic DNA vaccine design strategies are described, then specific issues related to the industrial production of DNA vaccines are discussed, including the production and purification of DNA products such as plasmid DNA, minicircle DNA, minimalistic, immunologically defined gene expression (MIDGE) and Doggybone™. The use of adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines is then discussed. In addition, different delivery routes and several physical and chemical methods to increase the efficacy of DNA delivery into cells are explained. Recent preclinical and clinical trials of DNA vaccines for COVID-19 are then summarized. Lastly, the advantages and obstacles of DNA vaccines are discussed.
ABSTRACT
The novel pandemic of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has been linked with coagulopathy and thromboembolic events, causing limb loss and finally death. The present report describes a case of upper limb ischemia in a patient with COVID-19 infection, who lacked conventional risk factors for acute limb ischemia (ALI).mAn 83 year-old man with intraluminal thrombus and the occlusion of the axillary and brachial arteries, ceasing blood supply to the distal part of the body, was tested positive for the COVID-19 infection. The patient received therapeutic anticoagulation and underwent open thromboembolectomy, which failed to save the patient's life. The link between COVID-19 and thromboembolism remains unknown and needs further studies to be disclosed.